NCERT Solutions For Class 12 | Biology | Chapter 4 | Reproductive Health
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health is the essential study material needed to perfect Reproductive Health topics.
NCERT Class 12 Biology solutions provided here have correct answers to NCERT textbook questions. Solutions curated in a comprehensive manner will help students to understand the subtopics in this chapter in a better way.
IMPORTANT SUB-TOPICS MENTIONED IN THE NCERT CLASS 12 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health has the following sub-topics as given below:
| Sr. no | Topics |
| 1 | Reproductive Health- Problems and Strategies |
| 2 | Population Explosion and Birth Control |
| 3 | Medical Termination of Pregnancy |
| 4 | Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
| 5 | Infertility |
NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 12 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH:
1. What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society?
Answer – Reproductive health can be defined as the total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e. emotional, physical, behavioral and social. Reproductive health in a society is significant because it makes people aware of:
- sexually transmitted diseases and methods to prevent them,
- birth control methods and the importance of family planning,
- post-natal care of the mother and child and the advantages of breastfeeding,
- gender equality and prevention of female child foeticide by statuary ban on amniocentesis,
- Awareness of social evils like sex-related crimes and sexual abuse, and their prevention.
2. Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.
Answer – Reproductive health can be defined as the total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e. emotional, physical, behavioural and social. Some aspects of reproductive health which need to be given attention are as follows;
- Awareness about reproductive health and child and mother healthcare.
- Creating awareness and giving proper education about sex-related topics like reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, hygiene and safe sexual practice, and sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
- Introduction of sex education in schools to help eradicate social myths and misconceptions about sex and related topics.
- People especially fertile couples and a marriageable group of society should be given education about birth-control methods, family planning, post-natal care of mother and child, the importance of breastfeeding and care of pregnant mothers.
- Creating awareness about population growth, sex abuse and sex-related crimes and their prevention.
3. Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
Answer – Yes, sex education is very necessary in schools, because;
- Creates awareness and gives proper education about sex-related topics like reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, hygiene and safe sexual practice, and sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
- To impart the right knowledge to students in order to save them from misconceptions and sex-related myths.
- To help students lead a healthy, reproductive life.
4. Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.
Answer – Yes, reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years. Some areas of improvement are as follows;
- Better awareness of sex-related matters, increased number of medically assisted deliveries and better post-natal care resulting in decreased maternal and infant mortality rates.
- RCH programme leading to increasing small families, better detection and cure of STDs.
- Decrease in the rate of unwanted pregnancies and STDs due to better use of contraceptives.
5. What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
Answer – Population Explosion- The sudden and large increase in the size of the population is called a population explosion. Major reasons for population explosion are as follows;
- Increase in the birth rate,
- Better healthcare facilities and better living conditions,
- Decrease in death rate,
- Decrease in Infant and Maternal mortality rate,
- Increase in the number of people in the reproductive age.
6. Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Answer – Yes, the use of contraceptives is justified.
As the human population is increasing at a drastic rate, there is increasing competition for already depleting resources. In order to regulate the population growth rate and sustain the remaining and upcoming population, keeping a check on reproduction is a must. To prevent pregnancies, different contraceptives can be used and they help in reducing the birth rate thereby controlling the population explosion.
7. Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
Answer – Contraceptive methods help prevent sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies by methods like oral, barriers, natural and surgical. Contraception is used to prevent fertilization that would lead to a pregnancy. Removal of gonads will lead a person to infertility and the unavailibility of several reproductive hormones. Therefore, removal of gonads is not a contraceptive option as the person is infertile, he or she is not able to reproduce.
8. Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.
Answer – Amniocentesis is a pre-natal diagnostic technique that is used to detect genetic disorders in the foetus and to determine it’s sex or gender. It is banned in our country because unfortunately people misused it for gender detection and leading to female child foeticide. Yes, the ban is necessary to prevent such evil practices.
9. Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
Answer – Infertility is the inability of a couple to produce a child inspite of having unprotected copulation. It arises due to congenital diseases, and physical, psychological and immunological factors. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) are the special techniques used to assist infertile couples to become pregnant. Some of the methods re as follows;
- In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET)– In this method, the egg of the donor is fertilised in the sterile culture medium by the sperm of the donor. The embryo is then transferred to the body of the donor for the rest development. It can be of two types;
- Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT)- The fertilised embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube at the 8-celled stage called blastomere.
- Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT)- The fertilised embryo at more than 8-celled stage is transferred to the uterus.
- Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) – In this method, the unfertilised egg of the donor is transferred to the fallopian tube of the female who is unable to produce eggs but is able to provide suitable ambiance for fertilisation and pregnancy.
- Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) – It is done in laboratory by directly injecting the sperm into the ovum for the fertilisation. It helps to counter males low sperm count or inability to ejaculate inside the female body.
- Artificial Insemination (AI) – In this method, semen from a healthy donor or husband is collected and introduced in the uterus of the female through vaginal opening. It is done to counter the low motility of male sperms.
10. What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
Answer – The measures to prevent contracting STDs are:
- Avoid sexual intercourse with unknown/multiple partners.
- Blood transfusion from an infected person must be avoided.
- Avoid sharing needles and surgical instruments.
- Always use condoms during intercourse.
- Early detection is possible through getting regular checkups from a qualified doctor.
11. State True/False with an explanation
- (a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)
- (b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)
- (c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)
- (d) Creating awareness about sex-related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. (True/False)
Answer –
- (a) TRUE.
- (b) FALSE. Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in either male or female partner.
- (c) FALSE. Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception but is limited for the time being of lactation which is six months after delivery.
- (d) TRUE.
12. Correct the following statements:
- (a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
- (b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
- (c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives, among rural women.
- (d) In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.
Answer –
- (a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete transport during copulation.
- (b) Some STDs are curable if detected early and treated. But AIDS is still uncurable.
- (c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives, among the urban women.
- (d) In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus and the fallopian tube depending on its cell stages.
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